Daddish

Last Edited: 2022/05/04 & 2022/10/04(Not Updated)

Welcome

Welcome to the tutorial of Daddish, a constructed language created by me. From the following tutorial, you will acquire a basic knowledge of the grammar of Daddish and learn to speak it.

Introduction

Daddish is the official language of Dad Republic (Daddish: Konharmonёšost Dadad), Earth 0xffffffff. Daddish was invented by a linguist, Vasily Xiao (Daddish: Šjao Vasinёo), and has been promoted nationwide in Dad Republic since its birth.

Resources

• Memorizing Daddish Words
• Daddish Culture, History, Art, Literature Etc

Features

Why should you learn Daddish? Well, for fun, of course! Apart from that, Daddish has some amazing features, including:

1. 9 Grammar Cases;
2. Simple Construction of Words (you can literally construct any word based on its meaning);
3. Restrictive/Non-restrictive Adjectives;
4. Vowel Harmony;
5. Etc…

So, let’s get started!

Overview

1. Alphabet
2. Verb
   • Construction
   • Person&Number
   • Time&Type
   • Voice
3. Noun
   • Construction
   • Article
   • Case
4. Adjective&Adverb
   • Basic Structure
   • Compound Structure
5. Preposition
6. Not-Attributive-Clause
   • Active Verb-adjective
   • Passive Verb-adjective
7. Not-Nominal-Clause
8. Not-Adverbial-Clause
9. Text
10. Dictionary

Alphabet

The alphabet of Daddish is pretty easy, which includes all the letters of the English alphabet except q, w, x and y. And there are also š and č, which respectively represent the sounds sh (as in shove) and ch (as in chance). The letter ё represents the sound [jo], same as that in Russian.

Letters (Capital)	Letters (Lower)	Pronunciation
A	a	/a/
B	b	/b/
C	c	/ts/
D	d	/d/
E	e	/e/
F	f	/f/
G	g	/g/
H	h	guttural /h/
I	i	/i/
J	j	/j/
K	k	/k/
L	l	/l/
M	m	/m/
N	n	/n/
O	o	/o/
P	p	/p/
R	r	/r/
S	s	/s/
T	t	/t/
U	u	/u/
V	v	/v/
Z	z	/z/
Š	š	/ʃ/
Č	č	/tʃ/
Ё	ё	/jo/

Verb

Construction

The verbs in Daddish are very constructed. The original form of a verb always ends with č. If we take that č away, we call the rest the root of the verb. Basically a conjugated verb looks like this:
$$
\rm (Negative\ Prefix)+(Directional\ Prefix)+(Aspect\ Prefix)+Root+Person+Number+Time&Type+(Voice)
$$
Besides, note that, for the suffixes to attach, it follows the rule of vowel harmony. The vowels in suffixes are always consistent with the last vowel of the root (with a few exceptions).

Additionally, when attaching a suffix, you need to pay attention to the end of the word. Let’s say you are attaching the suffix f to the morpheme lek. lek ends with a consonant k, so it should be lekef after conjugation. Similarly, if the ending is a vowel, f becomes fa/fe/fi/fo/fu instead of af/ef/if/of/uf.

Person&Number

In Daddish, the concept of “plural” doesn’t work. Daddish has three types of numbers: Singular, Type II and Type III.

Singular, also Type I, is used to represent things in total of 1. Type II is used for 2,3,4 and numbers that end with 2,3,4. Type III is for those that cannot fit in Type I or Type II.

Here comes the conjugation table of $\rm Person$:

First Person	Second Person	Third Person
f	r (Inclusive) / ss (Exclusive)	t

And $\rm Number$:

Singular	Type II	Type III
(None)	v	k

Thankfully this works for nouns too!

Example:

(a) machine	(2,3,4…) machines	(5…) machines
maščin	maščiniv	maščinik

Time&Type

Tense consists of aspect and time. There are three times in Daddish: Past, Present, and Future.

There are also three types: declarative, imperative, and reportative. Reportative is used when the speaker is reporting what was told.

	Past	Present	Future
Declarative	m	š	g
Imperative	šd	šd	šd
Reportative	lm	tš	tg

Now that you have learned all the basic verb conjugation, we can make some sentences:

Seve leporokotovolm sjadvimaščinih. They(Type II) are said to have got a car.

Se (He)+ ve= Seve (They,Type II)

le (come)+ po (perfective prefix)+ rok (hand)+ č= leporokč (to get)

leporok (root of to get)+ ot (third person)+ ov (Type II)+ olm (past reportative)= leporokotovolm (are said to have got)

sjad (self)+ vi (move)+ maščin (machine)+ ih (accusative)= sjadvimaščinih(car, accusative)

Voice

For passive voice, a -sja/sje/sji/sjo/sju is attached to the conjugated verb. The vowel depends on the root.

For active voice, this is not needed.

Noun

Construction

The nouns in Daddish are usually constructed in such way:
$$
\rm Prefix+Root+Suffix\ with\ a\ Meaning+Number+Case+Article
$$
We have already discussed the $\rm Number$ in the previous section.

Article

In Daddish, there is only definite article. But the definite article can sometimes be omitted, and sometimes can even express the meaning of “that/this/those/these”. The definite article looks like this:
$$
\rm …-ta/te/ti/to/tu
$$
The vowel, again, should be in line with the root’s. Articles don’t do case conjugation.

Case

There are nine grammar cases in Daddish:

Nominative	(None)
Genitive	d
Dative	z
Accusative	h
Instrumental	$\rm [vowel]+hm$ or $\rm [consonant]+[vowel]+hm$
Locative	p
Topicative	c
Ablative	b
Vocative	s

Nominative

The nominative case marks the subject of a verb. When the verb is active, the nominative is the person or thing doing the action; when the verb is passive, the nominative is the person or thing receiving the action.

• Malcik-ti glazatam boloh-to. The boy saw the ball.
• Bol-to glazatamsja malcikihm-ti. The ball was seen by the boy.

Genitive

The genitive case has the basic usage of showing possession, along with other derived usage.

1. possession
   • thinkik Dzaneted Janet’s drinks
2. composition
   • kup manakad a group of men
3. reference
   • kapital konharmonёšostod-to capital of the republic

Dative

The dative case is used to mark the indirect object.

• Se darokotom malcikiz giftih. He gave a boy a gift.

It can be also used to express the meaning of “to somebody”.

• Seze ce delo tovnёo. To him, it is a good deed.

Accusative

The accusative case is used to mark a direct object, or after a few prepositions.

• Tehe amofošo. I love you.
• Musufug fu-dvaha sekunduvud. I will talk for two seconds.

Instrumental

The instrumental case shows the meaning of “by means of” or “by use of”, or, in passive voice, shows the implementer of an action.

• Pišifiš penehm. I’m writing with a pen.

• Bol-to glazatamsja malcikihm-ti. The ball was seen by the boy.

Locative

The locative case shows the location or time.

• Moskvapa ce komennёe. In Moscow, this is common.

Topicative

The topicative case is a unique case in Daddish. It marks the topic, usually something the speaker is talking about.

• Šotoc ke knosotoš-c! About death, who knows!

It can also be used to change the structure of the sentence for whatever reason.

• Ekzamac Gokanёac, se častandataš cepe. He is taking part in the National Exam.

Ablative

The ablative case expresses the meaning of “out of” or “from”.

• Ce hobotomsjo manab. This was stolen from a man.

Vocative

The vocative case is a grammatical case which is used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed.

• Dzjonos, verešd! John, come!

Adjective&Adverb

Basic Structure

In Daddish, there are two types of adjectives: restrictive and non-restrictive. The original form of a restrictive adjective ends with tornё, while a non-restrictive one just ends with nё.

And adjectives also conjugates:
$$
\rm …nё+[the\ last\ vowel\ in\ the\ root\ of\ the\ modified\ noun]+[corresponding\ case\ ending,\ just\ like\ a\ noun]
$$

• Djakak kelez titekez tovnёeze! Thanks to all great teachers. (non-restrictive, indicating all teachers are great, and thanking all the teachers)
• Djakak kelez titekez tovtornёeze! Thanks to all teachers who are great! (restrictive, indicating you are only thanking good teachers, not bad ones)

Adverbs are often derived from adjectives, by changing the nё into no. Adverbs never conjugate.

Compound Structure

Non-restrictive:

• Prinscipl Vzimvidostod uroktoknёi Einsteinehm ku šokotomnёi fizikmestostod Principle of Relativity, which was put forward by Einstein and shocked the field of physics

The adherent adjuncts are connected with ku, which means and. al can be also used, which means or.

Restrictive:

• rubblat-ta s-vahtahm Viniidi kutor ustoktornёa fu-markostoh that red pen with Winnie the Bear on it which is used for marking

The adherent adjuncts are connected with kutor instead of ku, and altor instead of al.

Preposition

Preposition	Meaning	Case Required
fu	for	Acc.
s	with	Ins.
oz	against	Gen.
vkruh	around	Gen.
bifuh	before(time)	Acc.
aft	after(time)	Acc.
ans	inside	Loc.
cent	at the center of	Gen.
em	among	Gen.
fprid	in front of	Gen.
znafp	before(space)	Gen.
čerz	through, over	Acc.
undeh	under	Ins.
dov	lasting for(time)	Acc.
vza	while, when	Gen.
til	until	Gen.
ot	because of	Gen.
lefi	in order to, for	Gen.
sin	within	Acc.
oht	without	Gen.
vasi	thanks to	Acc.

Not-Attributive-Clause

Breaking news: there is no such thing as an “attributive clause” in Daddish! The meaning of the clause is expressed by compound structure, which consists of special adjectives derived from verbs and other stuffs.

Active Verb-adjective

An active verb-adjective is used to modify a noun that is the implementer of an action. An active verb-adjective is constructed on the basis of a verb.
$$
\rm Active\ Verb-adjective=[conjugated\ verb]+(tor)+nё
$$
For example:

• šokč (to shock)> šokotom (shock, third person, past)> šokotomnё (which shocked)

Passive Verb-adjective

A passive verb-adjective is used to modify a noun that is the patient of an action. A passive verb-adjective is also constructed on the basis of a verb, but has two different structures:
$$
\rm [conjugated\ verb]+(tor)+nё
$$
or
$$
\rm [verb\ without\ suffix\ or\ č]+tok+nё
$$
The first one gives the exact information of the action, while the second doesn’t emphasize the time or person. And remember, the implementer of the action should be in instrumental case.

For example:

• urokč (to put forward)> uroktoknё (put forward, passive)> uroktoknё Einsteinehm (put forward by Einstein)
• urokč (to put forward)> urokotomsjonё (an object was put forward)> urokotomsjonё Einsteinehm (an object put forward by Einstein)

Not-Nominal-Clause

Another breaking news: there is no such thing as a “nominal clause” in Daddish! The corresponding meaning is expressed by some structures.

Object

When the noun acts as an object in the “clause”, for example:
$$
\rm I\ know\ \underline{what}\ she\ has\ said.
$$
Then the structure in Daddish looks like this:
$$
\rm I\ know,\ she\ [magic\ word]\ has\ said.
$$
And the magic word is suhu. So the actual sentence looks like this:
$$
\rm Knosofoš,\ sa\ suhu\ pogavatam.
$$
Basically, suhu is put before the action in the “clause”, and altogether the structure becomes the object of knosofoš. But this is just basic.

Actually, the true magic word is su, and suhu is the accusative case of it.

The real rule is:

1. If two parts share the same case, like the example above (both accusative), then put the su right before the action in the “clause” and change it into the correct case.

2. If two parts don’t share the same case, then we need two su. They are put together like su-su, also right before the action in the “clause”. The first one conjugates according the main clause, and the second the subordinate clause.

   • Knosofoš, sa suhu-supu zivitim. I know where she lived.

   And if there is a preposition:

   • Memefeš, jeve sekundukuh bifuh suhu-oz-sudu photicifivim. I remember against whom we fought seconds ago.

Not-Adverbial-Clause

Materials

Lesson 1: Meeting at a Cafe

A. Text

Klor ku Ann musutuvuš čerz telefonoho.

Klor:

Dictionary

Daddish	English	Daddish	English
je	I		drink
te	you (sing.)		eat
se	he		bite
sa	she		suck
ce	this		spit
če	that		vomit
cegda	here		blow
čegda	there		breathe
ket	who		laugh
cet	what		see
šat	when		hear
gda	where		know (a fact)
ko	how		think
zna	not		smell
kel	all		fear
toma	many		sleep
soma	some		live
isma	few		kill
otha	other		die
ii	one		fight
ai	two		hunt
ci	three		hit
fo	four		cut
no	five		split
ši	six		stab
cem	seven		scratch
osm	eight		dig
dev	nine		swim
des	ten		fly
iičdes	eleven		walk
aičdes	twelve		come
cičdes	thirteen		lie
fočdes	fourteen		sit
nočdes	fifteen		stand
šičdes	sixteen		turn
cemčdes	seventeen		fall
osmčdes	eighteen		hold
devčdes	nineteen		squeeze
aidesev	twenty		rub
bignё	big		wash
dninё	long		wipe
zkonё	wide		pull
honё	thick		push
vecnё	heavy		throw
šotnё	short		tie
mlenknё	small		sew
nahonё	narrow		count
tinnё	thin		say
uman	woman		sing
man	man (male)		play
human	man (human being)		float
kit	kid		flow
muman	wife		freeze
maman	husband		swell
uth	mother		sun
path	father		moon
zvunёšost	animal		star
dag	fish		water
ptic	bird		rain
haund	hound		river
laus	louse		lake
zmja	snake		sea
čoz	worm		salt
riu	tree		stone
riunost	forest		sand
stik	stick		dust
uvod	fruit		earth
hum	seed		cloud
liv	leaf		fog
enhum	root		sky
uriu	bark (from a tree)		wind
cvet	flower		snow
kas	grass		ice
hop	rope		smoke
uhuman	skin		fire
nezvun	meat		ashes
	blood		burn
	bone		road
	fat (n.)		mountain
	egg		red
	horn		green
	tail		yellow
	feather		white
	hair		black
	head		golden
	ear		gold
	eye		silver
	nose		iron
	mouth		steel
	tooth		night
	tongue		day
	fingernail		afternoon
	foot		noon
	leg		evening
	knee		year
	hand		month
	wing		week
	belly		hour
	guts		minute
	neck		second
	back		warm
	breast		cold
	heart		full
	liver		new
	old		pen
	good		eraser
	bad		desk
	rotten		table
	dirty		chair
	straight		stool
	round		toilet
	sharp		class
	dull		classroom
	smooth		grade (1,2,3…)
	wet		score
	dry		goal
	correct		dream
	near		achievement
	far		factory
	right		airport
	left		station
	name		hall
	if		cafeteria
	pencil		house